June 8, 2026
Mr. Frost introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on the Judiciary
To establish an express cause of action for violations of the right to record, observe, or peacefully protest law enforcement activities, and for other purposes.
Section 1. Short title
This Act may be cited as the Right to Record Act of 2026
.
Sec. 2. Sense of congress regarding first amendment and right to record, observe, or peacefully protest
(a) Sense of congress
It is the sense of Congress that—
(1)
the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States protects, among other things, the right to record law enforcement officers and other public officials in public view, observe the actions of law enforcement officers and other public officials in public view, protest peacefully, and engage in other expressive activities; and
(2)
while the First Amendment already protects the right to record, observe, or peacefully protest law enforcement, Congress can enhance the remedies available to individuals who are deprived of this right by establishing an express statutory cause of action for such rights violations.
Sec. 3. Right to record, observe, or peacefully protest law enforcement activities
(a) Right to record, observe, or peacefully protest law enforcement activities
A person has the right to record, observe, or peacefully protest law enforcement activities, except in cases described under subsection (c).
(b) Cause of action
(1) Liability of officers
Any Federal law enforcement officer who, while acting under color of law, violates a person’s right to record, observe, or peacefully protest law enforcement activities shall be liable to the party injured in a civil action with respect to such violation in the appropriate district court for redress, including an award of the greater of actual damages or statutory damages in the amount of $25,000 for each violation, and punitive damages up to $100,000 for each violation engaged in with malice or reckless disregard for the federally protected rights of the party injured.
(2) Liability of the united states
If, while acting under color of law, any Federal law enforcement officer violates a person’s right to record, observe, or peacefully protest law enforcement activities, the United States shall be liable to the party injured for the conduct of the officer in a civil action with respect to such violation in the appropriate district court for redress, including the greater of an award of actual damages or statutory damages in the amount of $25,000 for each violation, and punitive damages up to $100,000 for each violation engaged in with malice or reckless disregard for the federally protected rights of the party injured, regardless of whether a policy or custom of the Federal law enforcement agency that employs or contracts with the officer caused the violation, and regardless of whether the officer has any defense or immunity from suit or liability. This paragraph shall constitute a waiver of sovereign immunity with respect to Federal law enforcement agencies for any claim brought under this Act. Nothing in this paragraph shall be construed to limit or preclude any legal, equitable, or other remedy that is available, under this section or under any other source of law, against an individual officer.
(3) Violations
A violation of the right to record, observe, or peacefully protest law enforcement activities includes the following:
(A)
Preventing or attempting to prevent a person from recording, observing, or peacefully protesting law enforcement activities.
(B)
Threatening, intimidating, or coercing a person with any negative consequences, including the addition of the personal information or biometric characteristics of the person into any database, in response to the person’s recording, observing, or peacefully protesting law enforcement activities.
(C)
Pursuing a person to a different location because the person recorded, observed, or peacefully protested law enforcement activities.
(D)
Attempting to surveil or use surveillance powers to attempt to identify a person in order to intimidate or take other retaliatory action against that person because the person recorded, observed, or peacefully protested law enforcement activities.
(E)
Commanding that a person cease recording, observing, or peacefully protesting law enforcement activities when the person was not prohibited by law or court order to engage in such activities.
(F)
Stopping, seizing, searching, ticketing, or arresting a person because the person recorded, observed, or peacefully protested law enforcement activities.
(G)
Demanding to see the identification of a person or interrogating or otherwise harassing a person because the person recorded, observed, or peacefully protested law enforcement activities.
(H)
Unlawfully seizing property or instruments used by a person to record, observe, or peacefully protest law enforcement activities.
(I)
Unlawfully destroying or seizing a recorded image or recorded images of law enforcement activities, or copying such a recording of law enforcement activities, without the consent of the person who recorded it or without approval from an appropriate court.
(J)
Otherwise retaliating against a person because the person recorded, observed, or peacefully protested law enforcement activities.
(c) Limitation
(1) In general
Except as provided in paragraph (2), a person has no right to record, observe, or peacefully protest law enforcement activities pursuant to subsection (a) if the person physically restricts or restrains an officer taking official actions while acting under color of law.
(2) Exception
Paragraph (1) shall not apply to the mere act of recording, observing, or peacefully protesting law enforcement activities, or positioning oneself to record, observe, or peacefully protest law enforcement activities, even if such action is taken close to, in front of, or near the expected path of an officer acting under color of law.
(d) Attorney’s fees and costs
The court shall award reasonable attorney’s fees and costs to a prevailing plaintiff.
(e) Training
Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, and annually thereafter, the head of each Federal law enforcement agency shall provide to every Federal law enforcement officer training on how to enforce the law while respecting the right to record, observe, or peacefully protest law enforcement activities.
(f) Definitions
In this section:
(1) Federal law enforcement agency
The term Federal law enforcement agency means any agency of the United States authorized to enforce Federal criminal law or Federal immigration law.
(2) Federal law enforcement officer
The term Federal law enforcement officer—
(A)
has the meaning given the term in section 115 of title 18, United States Code; and
(B)
includes an immigration officer.
(3) Immigration officer
The term immigration officer has the meaning given the term immigration officer in section 101 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101).
(4) Law enforcement activities
The term law enforcement activities means the official actions taken in public view by an officer acting under color of law.
(5) Observe
The term observe means to watch or otherwise perceive.
(6) Peacefully protest
The term peacefully protest means to engage in constitutionally protected expression or assembly.
(7) Public view
The term public view means anything that can be seen from any place where an individual cannot be deemed to be trespassing, including parks, sidewalks, and roads, or a privately owned place where the individual is lawfully present.
(8) Record
The term record means creating a written, visual, or audio record.
Sec. 4. Rules of construction
(a) Broad construction
This Act shall be construed in favor of a broad protection of the right to record, observe, or peacefully protest law enforcement activities and the right to access and document information about matters of public interest, to the maximum extent permitted by the terms of this Act and the Constitution of the United States.
(b) No diminishment of other first amendment rights and remedies
Nothing in this Act shall be construed to—
(1)
diminish constitutional and statutory protections for any activity outside the scope of this Act that is otherwise covered by the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States;
(2)
preclude any cause of action that may arise under the laws of the United States, a State, or a unit of local government for any violation of such First Amendment rights; or
(3)
limit or preclude any legal, equitable, or other remedy that is available in any action for any violation of such First Amendment rights.
(c) No preclusion of other causes of action
Nothing in this Act shall be construed to preclude any other cause of action that may arise under the laws of the United States, a State, or a unit of local government for any violation by an officer acting under color of law of the right to record, observe, or peacefully protest law enforcement activities.